Archive for the “Genetics” Category
Η ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΚΗ ΜΕΙΟΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΑΓΜΕΝΗ ΜΙΚΡΗ ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΙΑ

Με την αλλαγή φρουράς στον Λευκό Οίκο στις πρόσφατες αμερικανικές εκλογές και την επάνοδο των Δημοκρατικών στην εξουσία, ανοίγει ουσιαστικά ξανά το θέμα των Βαλκανίων, ως συνέχεια του έργου της κυβέρνησης του Μπίλ Κλίντον.
Η διάλυση της Γιουγκοσλαβίας έχει παγιωθεί πλέον και η φαινομενική εκκρεμότητα του θέματος των Σκοπίων πλησιάζει στη λύση του..
Ρόλο κλειδί στις εξελίξεις θα παίξουν τρεις σημαντικοί παράγοντες.
Οι δυο είναι ορατοί στην διεθνή κοινότητα –Ηνωμένα Έθνη και Ε.Ε.- ενώ ο τρίτος που ακούει στο όνομα ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΚΗ ΜΕΙΟΝΟΤΗΤΑ στο νομό της ΠΕΛΑΓΟΝΙΑΣ και που θα παίξει σημαντικό ρόλο στις εξελίξεις, έχει πάρει το δρόμο της αποκάλυψης.
Το Πρώτο και κύριο που απασχολεί τους Αμερικανούς, είναι η παγίωση της κρατικής οντότητας του Κοσσόβου και η πλήρη εξομάλυνση παράλληλα των σχέσεων με τους Σέρβους, αλλά ΚΥΡΙΩΣ με τους …Ρώσους.
Γι αυτό και ο προσανατολισμός πλέον προς τη λύση της προσάρτησης στην Σερβική κυριαρχία, των Σερβικών περιοχών του Κοσσυφοπεδίου, μοιάζει αναπόφευκτος.
Στην περίπτωση αυτή όμως αυτόματα, εμπλέκεται ο Πρώτος παράγοντας του εδάφους των Σκοπίων, που ακούει στο όνομα Αλβανοί της περιοχής του Τετόβου.
Με δεδομένη την απόσχιση της Μιτροβίτσας, το Κόσσοβο για να σταθεί ως κρατική οντότητα στην ευρύτερη περιοχή των Βαλκανίων, έχει ανάγκη των εδαφών αλλά κυρίως των καθαρών αλβανικών πληθυσμών της περιοχής του Τετόβου.
Το πρώτο κομμάτι του πάζλ μπήκε στη θέση του.
Είναι αδιαμφισβήτητο επίσης το γεγονός εδώ και καιρό και γνωστό στον διεθνή παράγοντα, η ύπαρξη 150.000 και πλέον κατοίκων των Σκοπίων που κατέχουν ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΙΚΟ διαβατήριο.
Η εμφάνιση του Γκεοργκιέφσκι εξάλλου ξανά στην πολιτική σκηνή των Σκοπίων, βρίσκεται προ των Πυλών.
Να υπενθυμίσουμε απλά στο σημείο αυτό, ότι ο Γκεοργκιέφσκι ήταν κάποτε πρωθυπουργός των Σκοπίων, που ανακάλυψε αργότερα το …αυτονόητο: ότι είναι ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΟΣ!
Οι φωνές που θα μιλούν για ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΙΚΗ ΕΘΝΟΤΗΤΑ η οποία υπέστη ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΓΕΝΟΚΤΟΝΙΑ την περίοδο της Γιουγκοσλαβικής ΚΑΤΟΧΗΣ επί δικτατορίας ΤΙΤΟ, να είστε απολύτως σίγουροι ότι θα αρχίσουν να αυξάνονται με …γεωμετρική πρόοδο τους αμέσως επόμενους μήνες και η επιβεβλημένη σιωπή που υποδείχτηκε από τους ΡΕΜΠΟΥΜΠΛΙΚΑΝΟΥΣ τα τελευταία 8 χρόνια στη ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΙΑ θα σπάσει!
Η εξάπλωση της Βουλγαρικής επικράτειας προς δυτικά, έχει ξεκινήσει!
Εδώ μπαίνει και το δεύτερο κομμάτι του παζλ στη θέση του.
Και αρχόμαστε στον τρίτο παράγοντα της ΛΥΣΗΣ του προβλήματος των Σκοπίων, που ακούει στο όνομα ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΚΗ ΜΕΙΟΝΟΤΗΤΑ στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της Πελαγονίας.
Με την πρόσφατη διαδήλωση των Ελληνικών οργανώσεων στις 28 Οκτωβρίου στη Νέα Υόρκη, μπροστά από το κτήριο των Ηνωμένων Εθνών, με κύριο σύνθημα ‘ΝΤΡΟΠΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΓΔΜ’ και ‘ΔΙΚΑΙΩΜΑΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΜΕΙΟΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΣΚΟΠΙΩΝ’, έχει ανοίξει ο δρόμος για να έρθει στην επιφάνεια η μεγάλη ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΚΗ μειονότητα των Ελλήνων που ζουν στην περιοχή της Πελαγονίας εδώ και εκατοντάδες χρόνια.
Είναι οι περήφανοι Ελληνόβλαχοι στην πλειοψηφία τους.
Είναι άνθρωποι που κυνηγήθηκαν από το δικτατορικό καθεστώς του ΤΙΤΟ – και που για λόγους της Ελληνογιουγκοσλαβικής φιλίας και του ΝΑΤΟ η Ελλάδα σιωπούσε-και συνεχίζουν να υφίστανται καταπιέσεις και περιορισμό της αυτοδιάθεσής τους από το ΝΑΖΙΣΤΙΚΟ καθεστώς του VMRO.
Αυτά που τράβηξε ο Αλβανικός πληθυσμός από τους Γιουγκοσλαβοποιημένους ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΟΥΣ των Σκοπίων τόσα χρόνια, μπροστά σε αυτά που έκαναν και συνεχίζουν να κάνουν στην ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΚΗ ελληνική μειονότητα των Βλάχων οι ίδιοι δολοφόνοι, μοιάζουν με παιδικό όνειρο!
Καταπίεση, φυλακίσεις, εκβιασμοί!
Η βίαιη αλλαγή των ονομάτων για να εξαφανιστεί τεχνικά η ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΚΗ μειονότητα από τον ΤΙΤΟ στα Σκόπια, έπεσε στο κενό.
Η πολιτιστική γενοκτονία που επιχειρήθηκε να εφαρμοστεί και στους Έλληνες, δεν έπιασε!
Αυτό που έπαθε ο Βουλγαρικός πληθυσμός των Σκοπίων από τον ΤΙΤΟ, δεν το έπαθε ο Ελληνικός!
Έμεινε ζωντανή η πίστη του στο Πατριαρχείο, έμεινε ζωντανή η ΓΛΩΣΣΑ η ελληνική.
Η προσπάθεια να καταγραφεί αυτή η ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΚΗ μειονότητα των Σκοπίων από τις ελληνικές αρχές τα τελευταία χρόνια, βρήκε πρόσφορο έδαφος, με δεδομένο το γεγονός ότι το ΝΑΖΙΣΤΙΚΟ καθεστώς του Γκρουέφσκι έχει σπείρει την τρομοκρατία.
Υπάρχουν δυο γνωστές περιπτώσεις στην διεθνή κοινότητα τρομοκρατίας του καθεστώτος των Σκοπίων.
Η πρώτη αφορά την οικογένεια ΠΑΠΟΥΛΗ, Βλάχων κατοίκων των Σκοπίων, οι οποίοι εξαναγκάστηκαν να αλλάξουν το επίθετό τους σε KOSTOF και σήμερα το ΝΑΖΙΣΤΙΚΟ καθεστώς του Γκρουέφσκι τους απαγορεύει να ξαναπάρουν πίσω το κανονικό τους όνομα!
Η δεύτερη υπόθεση, αφορά τον επίσης Βλάχο Νίκο Κωνσταντινίδη κάτοικο Μοναστηρίου http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLfPoaQIeKM ο οποίος βγαίνει επίσημα και επώνυμα και δηλώνει ότι είναι Έλληνας και δέχεται απειλές κατά της ζωής του από τους καθεστωτικούς του Γκρουέφσκι.
Χιλιάδες είναι οι Βλάχοι που στενάζουν κάτω από την ΝΑΖΙΤΙΚΗ μπότα του Γρουέφσκι. Ένας πρόχειρος υπολογισμός του προξενείου μας στο Μοναστήρι τους υπολογίζει περίπου κοντά στις 150 με 200 χιλιάδες.
Αυτό είναι και το τρίτο κομμάτι του πάζλ, ο νομός της ΠΕΛΑΓΟΝΙΑΣ, που θα κολλήσει –όταν έρθει εκείνη η ώρα-ξανά στην μητέρα Ελλάδα.
Αναστάσιος Καζαντζίδης
Εκπαιδευτικός-αρθρογράφος
Υ.Γ.
Η λύση που ήρθε πρόσφατα στη δημοσιότητα από την ίδια τη CIA, μιλάει για δημοψηφίσματα που θα γίνουν για να αποφασίσουν οι πληθυσμοί των Σκοπίων σε ποιες χώρες θέλουν να ενσωματωθούν: Βουλγαρία, Κόσσοβο και Ελλάδα.
see english version, here>>
taxalia blog
Tags: bitola, bulgarian, CIA, greeks, Grouevski, διαβατήρια, μειονότητα, Μοναστήρι, Βλάχοι, Βουλγαρία, ταχάλια, monastiri, passports, taxalia, vlachs
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When one studies genetics at a population level, one should not use one gene as a comparator. By doing so, they are using biased methods that will lead to misleading results. By chance, one gene may be similar between two totally different populations – simply BY CHANCE. One has to analyze MANY genes in order to link populations.
What did Arnaiz-Villena and his Skopjean partners do?
Well one way to simplify their analysis is the following: If we imagine that populations are animals, and if we analyze how similar they are one from another, we can understand how flawed Arnaiz-Villena’s analysis really is. Let’s say that FYROMians are tigers, Greeks are elephants, Ethiopians are dolphins, and other Europeans are various four legged land mammals. According to Arnaiz-Villena and his colleagues:

But elephants are like dolphins…

You can see how ridiculous this logic is. In reality, elephants are closer to other land mammals because they live on land, have four legs, and don’t have a blowhole. But if one were to only look at the colour gray, then he/she can make the assumption that elephants are closer to dolphins!
How did the scientific community react to Arnaiz-Villena’s flawed science? See Dr. Cavalli-Sforza’s letter of complaint to Nature, one of the largest and most respected scientific journals:

As Greeks…as human beings, we protest this horrendous use of hate and racism directed at us by ultra-nationalists in FYROM and its diaspora. We wish to express our view to them that calling us “blacks from sub-Saharan Africa” is not demeaning to us. Ethiopians are an admirable people with a rich culture and long history. Most are fellow Orthodox Christians and we share religious ties too. If FYROM’s ultra-nationalists feel that by calling us blacks (using inherently racist and flawed pseudoscience) we will be bothered then maybe they should come to terms with their own racism and dreams of blond racial purity.
By Christos
Tags: arnaiz-villena, cavalli-sforza, dolphins, elephants, ethiopians, fyrom, mamals, tigers
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In their follow-up paper, an explanation was provided for the first paper’s findings, probably because when one submits a manuscript to a scientific journal, there are word limits and they thus required a second paper to describe their theories in greater detail. It is clear that they understand their findings are against all historical evidence when they claim that there needs to be a revision of history in order to fit in their theories. 

Another completely ridiculous assumption is how the Japanese seem to be related to sub-Saharans as well. Using their faulty analysis, they link the Japanese to Ethiopians and Greeks and show it in a figure in their paper BUT DO NOT MENTION IT ANYWHERE ELSE IN THE REST OF THE PAPER. This explanatory hypothetical paper completely ignores this finding!
The authors of these 2 manuscripts take their pseudoscience a step further trying to explain that because there are Greeks who “Negroid” genes, their theory of black ancestry in Greeks is true!
First of all, Greeks are not the only “Caucasians” to carry “Negroid” genes. All humans “races” (for lack of a better word) have “Negroid” genes in their DNA. The origin of the human race is well known to have come from Africa. Arnaiz-Villena and his team’s theories do not hold water based on their assumption.

At the end of their papers, they provide references that they used to explain their hypothesis. Not only do they misquote Herodotus, they use Bernal’s Afro-centric theory to link the Greeks directly to Africans. M. Bernal views can be viewed as skewed and politically motivated to counter 19th Century white racism against Africans. His book Black Athena was not well received in the academic community. In fact, in 2003, the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (a non-profit US educational organization comprised of over 50 000 academics) listed Black Athena as one of the worst books of the twentieth century.

Tags: afrocentrism, arnaiz, athena, black, cretans, ethiopians, fyrom, genes, greeks, madrid, racism, sub-saharans, villena
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Posted by admin in Genetics
… the newly instituted Anthropology Blog award for Outstanding Achievement in Misleading the Public about Human Population Genetics.
I don’t usually post about specific genetic testing companies unless they do something innovative, but I got two e-mails recently about a particular company, and I have to make an exception.
First of all, let me state that I have no reason to doubt that their genetic testing results (i.e., the actual Y-STR values) are accurate. What I do have a problem with is the copious amount of misleading information provided in their website (as of Oct 16, 2008).
You will learn for example that there is no haplogroup N in Finland, that there is 30% R1b in Russia, 5% of haplogroup J in Armenia, but 10% in Germany. You will also be pleased to know that Y-chromosome haplogroup J is associated with the Jews and mtDNA haplogroup H with the Vikings. But, wait, haplogroup I1a is associated with the Scythians [absent in most of Siberia and Central Asia but who cares about details], while mtDNA haplogroup H with the Teutons.
If you have time to kill, browse around the site, it is priceless as entertainment, and don’t forget to stop by this thread where the company not only asserts that Y-chromosomes of ancient Greeks and Macedonians have been tested, pointing to completely irrelevant bibliography, as “evidence”, but also lists the percentages of various ancient tribes in modern nations. Apparently, Bulgarians are 49% Thracian, while Albanians 18%, whereas Greeks and “Macedonians” 0%. Those Thracians must have evacuated from Greek Thrace and flown over Macedonia to settle in Albania
If you have any understanding of population genetics, no more needs to be said.
But, if you are a newbie researching the field, spend some time to educate yourself, and don’t trust companies that offer you the sky. If it’s too good to be true, it probably isn’t.
Tags: albanians, ancient, anthropology, dienekes, dna, igenea, macedonians, thracians
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Posted by admin in Genetics
Quote:
| The Macedonians have a following percentage of Y-haplogroups (male lineages): E3b1 21.4% , I1b 29% , J2 12.2% , R1a 14.7% , R1b 7.8% |
.
Its actually quite funny how people misquote (intentionally?) papers..
According to the paper in question FYROMians have a 6.3% of the subclade J2e-M102 and not 12.2 of J2 which is not entirely presented in the paper.
24.1 and not 21.4 of E3b1
15.2 and not 14.7 of R1a
7.8 but 5.1% of R1b
The only one he managed to get almost right was I1b which is found at a % of 29.1
Quote:
| From this…. Greeks have the same amount of Slav blood as Macedonians in Republic of Macedonia |
Actually NO..
In Pericic’s paper specifically in “Table 1″ the percentage of “I1b* (xM26)-P37″ we find that the source for the percentages of Hellenic results are Rootsi 2004 “Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I”..
According to Rootsi’s paper we find:
Quote:
| Hg I accounts for more than one-third of paternal linelineages in two distinct regions of Europe: among Scandinavian populations and in the northwestern Balkans (table 1; fig. 1B). Relatively high frequencies are also characteristic of some French regions, like Low Normandy and southern France. Interestingly, a lower frequency of haplogroup I distinguished the Baltic-speaking Latvians (7.0%; 90% CI 3.8%–13.2%) from their northern neighbors, the Finnic-speaking Estonians (18.6%; 90% CI 14.6%–23.4%).Similar cases of even more significant frequency change over a short geographic distance occur between the southern Slavic-speaking populations and their adjacent neighbors: namely, the Slovenians versus the northern Italians (38.2%; 99.9% CI 19.5%–60.2% vs. 4.6%; 99.9% CI 1.4%–11.7%), and Macedonians versus Greeks (30.0%; 95% CI 19.1%–43.8% vs. 13.8%; 95% CI 10.1%–18.5%). |
So we find that they have 30% of I, in contrast to the total 13% of Hellenes, if we to take into accound the I1b (xM26)-P37 marker as presented in Pericic we seen not only a major difference between us and our Nothern neighbors (FYROMians 29.1 - Hellenes 8.4) but also similarities between them and other Slavic peoples and 1 non.
Croat 32.4
Serbian 29.2
Moldavia (Gagauz) 24.1
Moldavian 21.7
Slovenian 20.0
Romanian 17.7
Note that Rootsi states that I1b’s homeland is in eastern Europe or the Balkans, add to this that in Ukraine and in some Russian regions the marker is equally high (15-16.7) and things start to fall in place.
Anyway, while it would have really helped to see Bulgarians included in this paper, we can’t but notice how closely related this paper presents them to the Serbs..
I guess they too were part of Alexander’s troops.
By Orphic Hymn
SEE ALSO: FYROM’s lies over Slavic populations genetics Part I
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Posted by admin in Genetics
High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations — Pericic et al. 22 (10): 1964 — Molecular Biology and Evolution
http://vetinari.sitesled.com/slavic.pdf
Quote:
| E3b1 comes from East Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia) and got to the Near East after the end of the Ice Age with the bearers of Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) languages. Here they mixed with local Near Easterners. About 5700 BC, this Y-haplogroup (together with J2 and G) was brought to Europe from Asia Minor with the first agriculturalists. Today it is frequent in the southern Balkans and southern Italy, but its frequency decreases towards Central Europe (ca. 5%) and is virtually absent in North-Western Europe. |
This quote describes the genetic composition of the slav macedonians,its course in time and its similarities with neighboring populations. What does it tell us? That the populations of FYROM are to be found near in a genetic scale with Greeks,populations in asia minor,southern italy and rest of the balkans. I dont see any greek claiming that the slav macedonians share common genes with northern europeans such as the scandinavians for example
Under no circumstance this proves any relation with ancient populations in our area.
Next quote:
Quote:
| The Macedonians have a following percentage of Y-haplogroups (male lineages): E3b1 21.4% , I1b 29% , J2 12.2% , R1a 14.7% , R1b 7.8%. |
I1b (29%) and E3b1 21% makes a 50%. Both of those 2 alleles are common to slavs,first is to be found in dinaric populations,mostly in western balkans,(Bosnians as it is mentioned below),the latter one is typically slav,found across Russians,Poles etc.
So the results of the taken sample (bear this in mind,as i will come into that later) show that 1 out of 2 slav macedonians are exactly that: SLAVS.
Strangily enouph,there is no mention of any Bulgarian gene pool,and any connection between the gene pool of the slav macedonians and the bulgarian one. If we had a similar report of the bulgarian DNA we could make a comparison and see any possible similarities and differencies. Omitted? Who knows.
Quote:
R1b is an old paleolithic European Y-haplogroup from south-west France and Cantabria and is closely tied with the spread of the Magdalenian culture of “reindeer-hunters” after the end of the Ice Age. It could get to the Balkans most probably mainly with Celtic migrations and later during the Roman period.
From the comparison given above it can be concluded that modern Macedonians have a relatively minor (R1a+R1b 30%) percentage of Slavic blood and they are descendants of the neolithic inhabitants of the southern Balkans. |
ON THE CONTRARY!! The above results show that R1a1 and R1b1 constitute ONLY a 21% circa COMBINED,a fact that suggests that those alleles are to be found ONLY IN MINOR numbers among the TAKEN SAMPLE.
And a few general notes on the above repport:
Genetics are like statistics: Same research can be explained in different means:
I have a few questions to make: WHAT IS THE SAMPLE USED for this research? Where do the males come from? Out of 1,2 million slav macedonians,half of them are slavs as this report admits. What about the other half? What are the composite ethnic groups?
And,indeed,as i have seen from the second link:
http://vetinari.sitesled.com/slavic.pdf
a sample of 681 men has been used. This is hardly representative in a genetic scale.
Does anyone doubts that the children taken during the greek civil war to FYROM,brought up and raised there,having slavic conscioussness are not genetically greeks,or greek related at least?
I seriously doubt the uniformity of the sample,because there is no such reference. Nowhere is written what is the place of origin of the individuals tested,they could all be taken from the southern borders for all we know.
Quote:
| Currently we can’t say, how these lineages were distributed in the Balkans in ancient times, because they may be susceptible to accidental genetic drift. However, the numbers presented above may indicate that Greeks were “less European” than Macedonians as early as during the ancient times and their gene pool was later more diluted by contact with Western Mediterranean. |
This is funny. A totally unfounded conclusion. There is no way we can result in such a statement for many scientific reasons,like :
1st: The time range is too large for us to admit that the gene pool has remained the same. There have been many genetic mutations,drifts in the area of balkans during the last 2,500 years,since the populations have been all mixed up considerably. There have been certainly several genetical drifts. This is easily explained as the Y chromosome,since it is smaller than the X one,is less likely to be subjected to mutations,BUT IF any mutations succeed,then the results are more obvious. And mutations certainly happened,undoubtedly.Unless they want to claim ancestry out of the Hominidae (Neaderthalensii) and make themselves look as the laughing stock of the international genetical and medical community,they cannot base their claims such long ago in time.
2nd: As posted above,we have no clue of the taken sample. Different samples taken from that country,and the results and conclusions made will be totally different. FYROM is constitute of many different ethnic groups,a genetical purity is simply ridiculous.Different results and conclusions can be made if we use a sample of Bitola residents or Ohrid,and a totally different one if we use one from the northern borders with Serbia,or north-western ones with Kossovo.
3rd and most important one:
As everybody can see the above report,it is full of questions marks.
”it MAY indicate, ….possibly….probably….” a thing that suggests that themselves are not confident enouph to base their claims on this genetic study.
Fact remains,that there is a PREDOMINANT slavic gene pool among them, over 50%,which in every sense proves their ethnic origin. Fullstop
4th: I have noticed the institutes that made this report as well. If we exclude the Scottish one,the others have something in common. I will leave the readers to make their own conclusions
5TH:
Nevertheless,as a last notice,even if we have to accept the dubbious conclusions of this genetical report,i have to say that:
Genetics is a powerful tool and if it fells off in the wrong hands,then it can become dangerous. Claiming ancestry out of DNA composition is very much outdated,since it is rather culture,ethnic conscioussnes and historical memory that matters.
And the slav macedonians have no historical memory to the ancient ones prior to 17th century.Neither do they have any linguistical or cultural ties.
It is very important to note that membership in a particular haplogroup does not (by itself) indicate the ethnic group from which the patrilineal line derives. There is a lot of misinformation posted on the Internet in this regard. You can see such statements as “R1b means Celtic,” or “I1a means Viking.” While those two haplogroups are common in those two populations, they also occur in every country in Europe. It may be possible in the future that sufficient subgroup structure will be discovered that more precise origins will be indicated, but that is not presently possible.
A particular set of values for a set of STR or SNP markers is termed a “haplotype.” The repeat value of a particular STR marker is called an “allele,” and the distribution of values for a marker within a given haplogroup is called the allele frequency distribution.
STR (short tandem repeats) These are short, usually four-letter, sequences that are repeated between 8 and 36 times. The “value” at a particular marker or location is simply the number of times that the sequence is repeated. Y-chromosome testing is normally done by the commercial testing services on 12, 25, or 37 markers. The results of such testing is simply a set of 12, 25, or 37 two-digit (or occasionally one-digit) numbers. The region where the STRs are tested is a region of the Y-chromosome that has no biological function. It is thought to represent “junk DNA.” There are no medical or health issues connected to these, other than paternity, so there are no more privacy issues for this set of numbers than there is for the public awareness of ones surname.
It sometimes comes as a surprise to people when they first receive their Y test results to discover that the haplogroups are actually defined by a type of marker called unique event polymorphisms (UEPs) that are not normally tested by the commercial laboratories because of the expense. These biallelic (i.e., two-valued) markers are also called Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP). As the term UEP implies, changes in these markers occur (except very rarely) only once at a given Y-chromosome location in human history (ergo, the “unique” in UEP), and a new one pops up about every 7000 years in the regions of interest on the Y-chromosome. A mutation involves the substitution of one of the four subunits of DNA for another. There are 249 known haplogroups and subgroups. Major haplogroups are labeled (named) with the letters of the alphabet, while numerals and lower-case letters are used to designate the subgroups. For example, the most common subgroup in Europe is the R1b group, which is the 1b sub-haplogroup of the R haplogroup.
HAPLOGROUPS
Furthermore,the above research is yet another one argument of the contininuity of the gene pool among the greeks from Neolithic until modern times. The below Stanford genetical study proves it:
http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publication…6_p707-714.pdf
By Kritikos
SEE ALSO: FYROMs lies over Slavic populations genetics Part II
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