BY CHICAGOGEORGE

Tags: bulgarians, dictionary, immigration, peoples, races, USA

BY CHICAGOGEORGE

Tags: 1904, bulgarians, country, greeks, life, macedonia, macedonian, nationalities, serbs, town, turkish, vlachs

Control of the Bulgarophile population (who self-identified Bulgarian) in the Southern-most area of the Kingdom of Serbia known as Vardarska Banovina, was of the utmost importance for Serbs who used political and educational propaganda in a systematic way in order to keep Vardarska Banovina from uniting with the Kingdom of Bulgaria in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.
 
Essentially, where Serbs mixed with Bulgarians, a different idea of Macedonism evolved. This Macedonism differed from the Macedonism of Bulgarian intellectuals like Krste Misirkov, the Verhovist Committee supporters, and the VMRO revolutionnaries known as Komitadjis. The Macedonism of these people was pro-Bulgarian and involved either the immediate union of ALL the region of Macedonia (in European Turkey) with the Kingdom of Bulgaria (as the Verhovists wanted), or the preliminary autonomy of this region with eventual annexation by the Kingdom of Bulgaria (as the VMRO wanted). This was all a continuation of the old and failed dream of a ‘Greater Bulgaria’ envisioned by Russia through the overturned, and therefore preliminary, Treaty of San Stefano. The idea of first autonomy and then annexation with a motherland can be seen in modern times with Kosovo and Albania. Many Albanians want to see the union of these two Balkan states. Consequently, there is no Kosovar ethnicity…it either is Albanian or Serbian depending on where one lives in Kosovo. Similarly, there was never a ‘Macedonian ethnicity’…it was either Greek or Bulgarian depending on where one lived in Macedonia, which church they followed, or what motherland one pledged allegiance to.
 
Serbian-inspired Macedonism had as its roots a creation of a non-Bulgarian way of thinking for the Slavs in the region of Macedonia - a creation of a ‘Macedonian ethnicity’ that would be pro-Serb. This is evident in the way the Serbians referred to the people in Vardarska Banovina as either South Serbs or eventually simply ‘Macedonians’. This propaganda started in the late 19th Century and flourished under Communist Yugoslavia with the renaming of Vardarska Banovina into ‘The People’s Republic of Macedonia’ in 1944. It is also evident in Yugoslavian leader Tito’s choice of the local Western Bulgarian dialect spoken in the area of Bitolia to become the ‘Macedonian language’ in 1944. This dialect had differences from proper Bulgarian and could be easily manipulated and codified into a new language. Many Bulgarian, Greek, Turkish, and Albanian elements were removed and were replaced with Serb elements. Many Bulgarian letters were changed to Serb letters. As such the differences between this dialect and Bulgarian were emphasized and the similarities (although many) were purposely ignored. Communism (then) fueled, and state-sponsored nationalism (now) continues to fuel Macedonist irredentism from Yugoslavia (then) and FYROM (now) towards all its neighbours but especially towards Greece with its large warm sea port of Thessaloniki.
 
Below are 2 examples of Serb-inspired Macedonism. One is officially state-sponsored (letter to the Serb Education Minister in 1888) and the other is local (through Belgrade supporters in towns and villages in Vardarska Banovina):

Стојан Новаковић, Stojan Novaković

(1842-1915)

Serbian Minister to Turkey 1886 – 1895

Prime Minister of Serbia 1895 – 1900

Serbian Minister to Russia 1900 – 1909

Prime Minister of Serbia 1909 – 1915

Leader of the Progressive Party of Serbia 1906 – 1915

 

 

Novakovic’s dispatch to the Serbian Education Minister 21/05/1888

 

“Since the Bulgarian idea, as it is well known to all, is deeply rooted in Macedonia, I think it is impossible to shake it completely by opposing it merely with the Serbian idea…this idea would be incapable of suppressing the Bulgarian idea…that is why the Serbian idea will need an ally that could stand in direct opposition to the Bulgarianism…this ally I see in the Macedonism or to a certain extent in our nursing the Macedonian dialect and Macedonian separatism…”

 

 

 

Serbian Propaganda

 

Spirodon Gopčević’s 1889 Macedonia and Old Serbia, a polemical travel book, contains several conversations with illiterate Slavs [in Macedonia, European Turkey], such as the following exchange between Gopčević

 and some peasants in [the village of] Pajzanovo:

•               

 

“ -And all [Pajzanovers] are Serbs like you?

 

-Serbs like us???

 

-Well, aren’t you speaking Serbian with me?

 

-By God, I don’t know, we are speaking ‘Bulgarski’. [Bogami, ne znam; mi govorimo Bulgarski]

 

-‘Bulgarski’, that may be, but not Bulgarian, which is a totally different language.

[Bulgarski - to može biti, ali ne Bolgarski, što je jedan sasvim drugi jezik.]

 

Everyone looked at me with amazement.”

 

 

·       Makedonien und Alt-Serbien, by Spiridon

·        

·        

·       Gopčević

, 1889, page 58.

 

Ø     In: Krsté Misirkov’s 1903 Call for Macedonian Autocephaly: Religious Nationalism as Instrumental Political Tactic, by Alexander Maxwell, Studia Theologica V, 3/2007, pages 147 – 176.

 By Christos

Tags: bulgarians, ethnicity, gopcevic, komitadjis, macedonia, novakovic, pajzanovo, propaganda, region, serbs, slavs, Stojan, tito

SS MAKEDONIA, painted 1912, by Ar. Glykas (compare with No. 14).
This “closed-base” passenger liner was one of the first Greek Transatlantic emigrant ships, and one of the first steamers built for a Greek shipping line, in 1912, by Sir James Laing and Sons, Ltd., at Sunderland, England.
She was of 6.333 tons grt, 422 ft (129 m) long, 51 ft (15,5 m) wide, with 2 masts, 2 funnels, and twin screws, driven at 17 knots by her quadruple-expansion reciprocating steam engines.
She was requisitioned in late 1912 as an armed transport, shelled by the Turkish battleship Hamidie, and sunk off Syros. Refloated and repaired, she was sold to the Netherlands in 1915 and scrapped in 1932. 
Besides passenger accommodation, SS Makedonia had 4 hatches and holds for freight; her cargo booms are shown in raised position for loading or dicharging cargo. She has a wireless antenna and modern stockless anchor.
In foreground, the early 20th century Greek Navy destroyer is a pictorial allusion to SS Makedonia’s wartime role in the Ist Balkan War, as are the guns on the forecastle and after deck of this passenger ship.

Α/Π ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ, 1912. Έργο Αριστείδη Γλύκα (πρβλ. με αρ. 14).
Αυτό το επιβατηγό γραμμής τύπου «closed-base» ήταν ένα από τα πρώτα ελληνικά υπερωκεάνια μεταναστών και ένα από τα πρώτα ατμόπλοια που ναυπηγήθηκαν για ελληνική ναυτιλιακή γραμμή το 1912 από την εταιρεία Sir James Laing and Sons, στο Sunderland της Αγγλίας.
Είχε χωρητικότητα 6.333 τόνους γκρος, μήκος 422 πόδια (129 μ.) και πλάτος 51 πόδια (15,5 μ.). Διέθετε δύο ιστούς, δύο τσιμινιέρες, διπλές προπέλες και έπλεε με ταχύτητα 17 κόμβων με τη βοήθεια παλινδρομικών μηχανών ατμού τετραπλής διαστολής.
 Στα τέλη του 1912 επιτάχθηκε ως οπλισμένο οπλιταγωγό πλοίο, βομβαρδίστηκε από το τουρκικό θωρηκτό Hamidie και βυθίστηκε κοντά στη Σύρο. Αφού ανασύρθηκε και επισκευάστηκε, πωλήθηκε το 1915 στην Ολλανδία και το 1932 διαλύθηκε. 
Εκτός από τα καταλύματα των επιβατών, το Α/Π Μακεδονία έχει τέσσερα αμπάρια για το φορτίο ενώ οι μπίγες του εμφανίζονται σε υψωμένη θέση φορτοεκφόρτωσης. Στο πλοίο υπάρχει κεραία ασυρμάτου και σύγχρονη άγκυρα χωρίς στύπο. 
Το αντιτορπιλικό του Ελληνικού Πολεμικού Ναυτικού των αρχών του 20ού αι. καθώς και τα κανόνια στο κατάστρωμα του επιβατικού πλοίου αποτελούν εικονογραφική αναφορά του ρόλου που διαδραμάτισε το Α/Π Μακεδονία κατά τη διάρκεια του Α΄ Βαλκανικού Πολέμου.

Source: NauticalMuseum.com

Newspaper “EMPROS” 3rd, January 1913

According to the illusions of Skopjan propagandists, the name “Makedonia” in Greece was…forbidden.

Tags: 1912, greek, α/π μακεδονία, macedonia, makedonia, syros, turkish

“I’d rather be first in a little village, than second in Rome.”

Julius Caesar.

 

 

One wonders then what Danforth would make of the New United Villages of Florina, an organisation that purports to unite associations representing the villages of Florina but in effect does so much more. Yiannis Papadimitriou, the president of the association, explains that the New United Villages exist as a form of self-protection against the extremes of the proponents of ideologies over the possession of national identities, histories and cultures, who regard these as the mutually exclusive property one nation or the other.

Basically,” Yiannis Papadimitriou explains, “we wanted to create an environment where “Slavophone” Greeks could feel comfortable speaking the idiom they grew up speaking back home, without anyone feeling threatened by this or using it as a means of compromising our members sense of their ethnic identity.”

One gains a hint as to what that ethnic identity is as soon as soon as one walks through the door of the reception during the New United Villages of Florina’s recent multicultural festival. The first thing that can be discerned is the labarum of the Association, bearing the icon of Panayia Theotokos. She is, as we find out when everyone stands up to chant her hymn, the Υπέρμαχος Στρατηγός, the protector of all. Slowly, solemnly, a column of young children, dressed in traditional regional costumes march into the hall, bearing before them, another icon of the Panayia and holding aloft, Greek and Australian flags. The attendees, all half a thousand of them, are of surprisingly (in an age when mass attendance at dances and other such events, is not only passé for the first generation, let alone the second, but becoming nothing more than just a dim memory) diverse ages, underlying the ‘family’ or ‘village’ feel of cohesion and harmony.

The children march proudly past the distinguished guests: the Honourable Harry Jenkins, Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Honourable Maria Vamvakinou, Federal Member for Calwell, Jenny Mikakos, State Member for Northern Metropolitan and Lily D’ Ambrosio, State Member for Mill Park, Former Mayor of Whittlesea, Cnr Chris Pavlidis and Whittlesea Councillor Maria Malios. They reach the dance floor and stand to attention as the Australian national anthem is played. As soon as its final strains die down, a murmur of anticipation permeates the room. Then, an immense crescendo and suddenly, 500 voices are united in song as they intone the immortal words of Greek national poet Dionysios Solomos: « Σε γνωρίζω…» The tremulous emotion that tugs at the heartstrings of all those present is palpable.

For these Florinians, singing the Greek national anthem truly is an act of gnosis. It is a firm declaration of who they perceive themselves to be. At the end of the dance floor, a video projector beams images exhibiting the Greek presence in Macedonia. It is a diachronic display, commencing with the ancient past, following through to Byzantium, the Ottoman occupation and contemporary times. Its viewers nod their heads appreciatively, as if discerning in the images of Alexander the Great, Basil the Bulgar Slayer, Saints Cyril and Methodius and of course, the Slavonic-speaking Captain Kottas, not just a historical figure dredged up from the depths of the past, but instead, their immediate kinfolk.

Around me, I can hear snatches of the same Slavonic idiom as that uttered by Captain Kottas when he was led away by the Bulgarians for execution, proclaiming: “Long live Greece!” Suddenly, the conversation is broken by a loud cheer and whoops of delight. The young children are dancing traditional Florinian dances and their elated grandparents and parents are unable to conceal their rapture at witnessing their progeny take exactly the same steps that they have taken, and their ancestors too, in a long  chain of dance, as twisted and tortuous as the path taken by the archetypal musician himself, Orpheus, to the underworld to rescue his Euridice, but still unbroken.

One of the beaming grandparents, not being able to contain himself any longer, rushes on to the dance-floor, holding a vast Greek flag upon a lofty flag-pole twice his size. Immediately, the floor is covered in dancers, weaving their way through the age-old steps, all vying for the position of leader of the dance so that they in turn, may also bear the Greek flag. The revellers are so excited that hey find it hard to settle down to listen to the speeches.

When Father Stavros, of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, explains that the apostle Paul was compelled to visit Macedonia and wrote an epistle to the Christians of Philippi, the applause is deafening. When I in turn. as secretary of the Panepirotic Federation of Australia, outline the ties of kinship binding Epirus with Macedonia ( we are in effect συμπέθεροι, since Alexander the Great’s mother, Olympias was an Epirote princess and Cheimarriote captain Spiros Spiromilios fought in Florina for the liberation of that region and its incorporation into the Greek state, there are cheers and the sounds of many hands clapping. Yiannis Papadimitriou, as president of an organisation that has over the years, repeatedly emphasised its Hellenic identity, arrived at, not only through cultural exchange but through a deep knowledge of history as well, succinctly and perceptively encapsulates the zeitgeist in his address:

“We are here today to celebrate the achievements and continuous presence of Macedonians here in Australia. We, the Macedonians of the New United Villages of Florina are immensely proud of our Greek heritage. We are also immensely proud  of the fact that we have been able to transplant them here, in Victoria, home to so many nations. Truly, the Greek and Australian people share many values. Some of these values, love of freedom, democracy, tolerance, a love of the arts and sport are direct gifts from ancient Greek civilization. Let us not forget that it was our great King, Alexander the Great who spread Greek civilization throughout the East. We, his descendants, having left our native Macedonia, are continuing in his footsteps, maintaining the Greek culture of Macedonia here today. Wherever you see us and the Greek flag flying, you know that there lies a small pocket of Macedonia, the northernmost Greek province, home to many nations but historically and culturally, an inextricable part of the Greek world. We welcome you with open arms and hope you celebrate the core values of tolerance, cultural diversity and mutliculturalism with us.” As the song «Μακεδονία Ξακουστή» penetrates our eardrums and the ecstatic revellers rush to the dance-floor once more, and Father Stavros, an Epirote, and I, muse over the relative merits of Macedonian as compared to Epirotic pita, the Greek flag once again passes from hand to hand, circling the room. Complexity in the process of identity formation may characterise many people who are members of ethnic and diaspora communities in today’s transnational world. For the members of the New United Villages of Florina however, it is resolved simply, in the form of a blue flag with a large white cross emblazoned upon it, upon a tall and proud flagpole.

 

DEAN KALIMNIOU.

 

COMMENT FROM “PAUL” FROM MELBOURNE:

“What the Greek community needs to emphasize is that this is a language that is completely different from what they speak in FYROM. In migrant countries such as Australia, in order to distinguish their language from the FYROM communities, they refer to it as Greek-Macedonian [sic], thereby clearly identifying themselves with the Hellenic community and nation.  My wife and her family (from the village of Melas - about halfway between Kastoria and Florina) speak this dialect fluently.  They and other people from their region that view themselves as Hellenes would be highly offended to be referred to as ‘Slavophone Greeks’ or to possibly have their language or culture confused or identified with that of the slavic population of FYROM.” (see Babiniotis’s article in history-of-macedonia.com)

Tags: alexander, anthem, australia, billingual, culture, flag, Florina, greek, identity, national, papadimitriou, united, village, villages

The Bilingual Greeks of Macedonia do not consider themselves as a minority. They are Greek and they understand and speak a second language other than Greek. It is a Slavic Idiom based on Bulgarian and contains Greek, Turkish and Albanian words. It is not the “Makedonski language” of Skopje which was formed by Yugoslav Serbs in 1944 by removing many Greek, Bulgarian, Albanian elements and replaced them with Serb. This emphasis was politically motivated and made to purposely distinguish the bulgarophile citizens of Vardaska Banovina from Bulgaria. The Vinozhito (OURANIO TOXO/RAINBOW) Party of Greece based in Florina does not represent these people at all, contrary to what Vinozhito and Skopje Claim.

 

1) “Grecomaniacs/Grecoman/Grckoman” (passionately Greek) in the words of the Bulgarians and their descendants: The following discussion on the nationality of these Bulgarophone speakers, which [French reporter] Michel Paillares reports having had with Hilmi Pasha, the Inspector General of the Macedonian vilayets of Monastir and Thessaloniki, is significant :

Paillares: But these Bulgarophones insist that they are really Greeks?
Hilmi: They say they are Greeks when no coercion, no constraint, is brought to bear on them.
Paillares: And what is your opinion, Your Excellency ?
Hilmi: My opinion, and the opinion of my government, is that they are Greeks. We classify our subjects according to which schools and which Church they attend. Being unable to win people by peaceful propaganda, the Comitadjis do not hesitate to make use of the most atrocious methods. They turn to the knife, the revolver, the axe.
 

French reporter Michel Paillares (again):

“Ti me endiaferoun oi ethnologikes kai glwssologikes theories; …Ekeino pou me endiaferei einai pou oti oloi autoi oi Makedones, aneksartita apo tin glwssa pou miloun, protimoun na stavrothoun apo tous Boulgarous para na arnithoun ton Ellinismo tous…Oi asimantoi autoi iroes einai Ellines, kai gonatizw brosta sto ypertato megaleio tous.”

 

“What do I care about ethnologic or linguistic theories?…That which interests me is that all these Macedonians, regardless of what langauge they speak, prefer to get crucified by the Bulgarians instead of to deny their Hellenism…These unsung heroes are Greeks, and I kneel in front of their supreme grandeur.”

 

 
3) In 1871, the Russian Goloubinskii had written : “These purported Greeks nourished a more implacable hatred and a more intense scorn for all things Bulgarian or Slavic than did real Greeks.”

4) An extract from a book by Giovanni Amadori-Virgili, a former Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, entitled “La questione Rumeliota (Macedonia, Vecchia Serbia, Albania, Epiro) e la politica italiana”, published in 1908 as number 1 in a series by the Biblioteca Italiana on foreign policy:
The passage in question reads: “Through their partiotic sentiments and their devotion to Greek traditions and Greek culture, the Slav-speaking Greeks of Macedonia express their vigorous determination to be Greeks.”
 

 By Christos

Tags: banovina, bilingual, bulgarians, grckoman, grecoman, greeks, hilmi pasha, macedonia, michel paillares, monastir, salonica, serbs, skopje, thessaloniki, vardaska, yugoslavian

The peoples of the Balkan peninsula according to Leon Trotsky.Not any mention of <Macedonian> ethnicity.

The real ethnic character of the <Macedonians> :Pure Bulgarians.

The alleged <Macedonian> minority of <Aegean Macedonia> was consisted in 1913 of 200.000 Bulgarians.

The tactics of the Bulgarians of VMRO were ineffective:Vardarska Banovina,a Bulgarian territory according to Trotsky became Serbian soil.

Tags: balkan, bulgarians, greeks, leon, macedonia, romanian, trotsky, wars

L’empire de Turquie,by Xavier Heuschling,1860

All the Balkan peoples that were residing in the Ottoman empire and their numbers.There are mentioned Bulgarians, Serbs, Bosnians, Herzegovinians e.t.c,other Slavic branches, Vlachs and Moldovlachs, Albanians, Ottomans of Asiatic origin,Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Gypsies (Bohemians) and Tatars,except the <Macedonians>.

The Slavic race includes the Bulgarians,the Serbs,the Bosnians,the Herzegovinians e.t.c.

<In 980 the Bulgarians established in Macedonia the 2nd Bulgarian kingdom….The Bulgarians inhabit the biggest part of Roumelia and Macedonia…>

Serbs,Bulgarians,Bosnians,Croatians,Herzegovinians and Montenegrins but not any <Macedonians>

The Slavic languages are those of the Serbs,the Bulgarians,the Bosnians and the Herzegovinians

The Herzegovinians and the Montenegrians speak a language almost similar to the Serbian,the Croatians speak a dialect quite different from the Serbian,a few Greeks speak Slavic,a few Bulgarians and less Serbs speak Greek.No one of all the above people speaks something like <Makedonski>

<The biggest part of the Bulgarians and the Greeks in Thrace and Macedonia understand the Turkish language >

In Athos mountain someone can find monks of Greek,Russian,Bulgarian,Serbian and Moldavian origin,but not any <Macedonian> monks.So in these monasteries in Macedonia were monks from all the Orthodox nations except the …<Makedonski>

By Kostas68

Source

Tags: 1860, bulgarians, empire, greeks, heuschling, macedonia, ottomans, serbs, turquie, vlachs, xavier

Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatieff: The man responsible for the beginning of the ‘Macedonian Question’ that we are seeing today.

The following is from pg. 27 of the book ‘ ‘Macedonian Things’ and ‘Irredentist Things’ ‘ by Chysostomos Papastavros, published in 2008 by the Local Community of Mavrochorio, Kastoria. It is a table of the 4 Irredentist Pan-Slavic Plans for Greece. Throughout history, and with Russian backing, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and now FYROM have each had their agendas for Macedonia.

I. 1453 - 1821: The Greek Peninsula is under the Ottoman Turk Rule. Constantinople or ‘Second Rome’ falls to the Turks. Russia tries to help the Greeks for her own interests to get to the Aegean. It presents itself as the ‘Third Rome’ and self declares as the protector and new leader of Orthodox Christianity. Once Greece declares independence and asks for support from France and Great Britain, Russia turns to the Bulgarians to achieve the goal of getting to the Aegean.

II. 1878 - 1908: Russian ambassador to the Sublime Porte, Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatieff, gets orders from the Russian Tsar to create the Bulgarian Exarchy, and raise the Bulgarian population in Macedonia. All this to force Turkey to cede the Southern Balkans to Bulgaria. The Treaty of San Stefano tried to achieve this under the false pretence that the majority of the population in Macedonia was Bulgarian and not Greek. Europe did not allow this to happen. The Bulgarian and Greek Struggle for Macedonia begins and ends with the complete retreat of Bulgaria from Greek soil. In 1912, Macedonia is freed from Turkey and declares unity with Greece.

III. 1917 - 1942: Bulgaria supports Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and expects to get Macedonia as reward. Bulgaria again occupies northern Greece during both World Wars. Once the Axis falls, Russia again tries to get to the Aegean through Communism with an idea for a Communist Balkan Alliance or ‘Switzerland of the Balkans’ called ‘Macedonia’.

IV. 1943 - Present: Russian leader Stalin, with Yugoslav leader Tito create ‘The People’s Republic of Macedonia’ out of Vardarska Banovina in South Yugoslavia and support Greek communist guerillas in Greek Macedonia. They abduct 28 000 Greek children to re-educate them and use them as fighters against Greece. The Greek Civil War ends with the communist defeat. Many Greek and Yugoslav fighters flee into the Iron Curtain and take their families with them. OFFICIAL COMMUNIST-SPONSORED AND (SINCE 1991 WHEN YUGOSLAVIA BREAKS UP) NATIONALIST MACEDONISM CONTINUES

 

 

The Times of London Intelligence Reports on The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (February 19, March 9, and March 23, 1878). It is very clear from these reports that Great Britain DID NOT agree with the idea of a Greater Bulgaria and points out all the Russian and Bulgarian plans for Greece. THE IMPORTANT THING TO NOTE IS THAT THERE WERE NO ‘ETHNIC’ MACEDONIANS REFERRED TO ANYWHERE!!! It is clear that the population of the region of Macedonia was Greek, Bulgarian, Turk, and Albanian.

LONDON TIMES

19 FEBRUARY 1878

9 MARCH 1878

23 MARCH 1878

Tags: 1878, british, bulgaria, Greece, greeks, ignatieff, kastoria, macedonia, olympus, pan-slavism, russia, salonica, turks

A testimony from 1829 for the use of the Greek toponyms Loudias and Axios in Macedonia. As for the non-Greek inhabitants,they were either Turks or Bulgarians.

<Thessaloniki which is called vulgarly Saloniki>,not Solun of course.

Thessaloniki is considered as one of the most important cities of Greece (in a time that didn’t exist officially a Greek state) and its population is consisted of Turks, Greeks and Jews.

Again Greek toponyms are mentioned; Florina instead Lerin, Castoria instead Kostur, Monastir instead Bitola and Haliacmon instead Bistritza.But more important are the last lines of the page: <They are the most beautiful soldiers of Macedonia and the soldiers of Macedonia are the most beautiful soldiers of Greece>.

Here are mentioned some villages on the road from Istip to Keuperli and from Keuperli to Scopje whose inhabitants are Bulgarian Christians.

http://books.google.com/books?id=iksCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA393&dq=scopia&lr=&hl=el#PPA207,M1

BY KOSTAS68

Tags: axios, baron, bojeaur, bulgarians, Florina, greeks, loudias, macedonia, ottoman, skopje, turks